Ethnic Hmong reside on a broad geographical areas in Asia, the territory of five countries: China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar.
I-HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HMONG COMMUNITY peoples VIETNAM
1 - The structure of ethnic Hmong in the world
Ethnic Hmong reside on a broad geographical areas in Asia, the territory of five countries: China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Myanmar.
In China, the Hmong are the largest population, about 7.398 million people, mainly in Guizhou province, including four groups: White Hmong, Blue Hmong, Black Hmong, Flower Hmong.
In Laos, the Hmong have 315,000 people, mainly from China and migrated to Vietnam, including the White Hmong, Blue Hmong.
In Thailand, there are 152, with 152,000 people, including Hmong and White, Green Hmong, mostly migrants from China, Laos to.
In Myanmar, about 25,000 people, migrated from China and Laos to.
In Vietnam, the Hmong ethnic minority number of people, living mainly in the mountainous north. According to Census 1999, our country has 787.604 Hmong, accounting for 1% of the population nationwide. In recent years, there is a move of the Hmong in the southern provinces, mainly in the Highlands provinces, in addition to the trend from East to West (Laos) continued.
In addition, today in Western countries like the U.S., France, Australia ... also Hmong community living, mainly in the U.S. (250,000 to 300,000), emigrated from Laos to the 1975. In France there are about 11,400 people, has about 2,000 people in Australia, Canada had 600 people ...
History, according to the researchers, the Hmong ethnic minority groups living in China (the Chinese called Miao). Historically, from the fourth century, China has formed Kingdom HMông. Centuries, they must continually struggle against the pressure of the Han. X century, the Kingdom of Hmong disintegrated.
However, the Hmong are not subject to the assimilation of the Han. Due to the forced insertion of the Han, the Hmong migrated to the south. Thus, the Hmong live in the world today have originated from China. The conflict between the Han and Hmong history in China led to the migration of the Hmong are very heavy, so far as this still exists, other forms ...
2 - The Hmong in Vietnam
Currently, great majority of Hmong in Vietnam residing in the northern mountainous regions. Hmong version available in 2384, of 538 communes, the most crowded in Ha Giang, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La, Yen Bai, Cao Bang, Nghe An, Tuyen Quang, Thanh Hoa, Bac Thai, Hoa Binh, Lang Son and some others. Historically, the Hmong migrants do not tend to adapt to circumstances. How migrating traditional Hmong in Vietnam is from east to west, along the forest. From 1990 to present more information about new migrants from the northern mountainous region in the Central Highlands and some southern provinces (North - South).
The Hmong in Vietnam, as well as the Hmong in Laos, Thailand, Myanmar are derived from migrating to China.
According to scholars of Vietnam, the Hmong migrants in Vietnam has three phases: the first as early as the XVII century; two times in the years 1769 to 1820; three times at the time of the uprising Taiping Rebellion in China national failure.
A Chinese scholar said that the historic migration of the Hmong (Miao) in Vietnam with four waves, from the XVII century to the Opium War in China. Say so does not mean the move of the Hmong in Vietnam or some countries up to now has expired. One of the properties of the Hmong is moved, when they are not enough to cope with situations.
Process shifted the Hmong are complex, free migration of the Hmong in the Central Highlands provinces (including ethnicity, as Nung, Thai, Dao ...) took place is multi-faceted personnel. Due to the transformation of economic institutions (land allocation to households, there is a claim ancestral land, lack of arable land cultivated bad ...), land, forests destroyed more ... Border war in 1979 also has a certain impact. In addition, problems associated with the religion of engaging hostile forces and to move residents. However, the migration of the Hmong have the factors of history and traditions.
Hmong residents in the area wide, so right in their community has the ability to deal very diverse, reflecting the adaptation of Mongolia, especially through farming systems. For upland as Meo Vac, Dong Van (Ha Giang), how to adapt their mainly maize in pits and stone dish is preferred men men (corn mill). But in Lao Cai, they have relatively large rice paddies and fields stairs very nice.
3 - Features of Hmong society
a) family institution
Up to now there are about 20 Hmong family. Link structure of the Hmong family has the following characteristics:
- Configuring Link Width: According to the Mongolia, who are the same they are brothers, even where that person resides, regardless of the national border.
- Configure narrow link: Those who have the same blood stream their father. However, the relationship of the Hmong family based on many criteria. First blood relations and then the customs and rituals similar. Who have the same code (worship the same way), is considered the same family. The Hmong are one of the indispensable ritual is done already (which are, offering sacrifices as cows). Each line is how they worship, location to cows, the flight (which they show a part, they display a 5 part ..., the principle of retail). By way of the Hmong, people explain the odd number of code numbers to worship. When two Hmong met, people do not question his ancestors are, just ask that he be described how the little display. If the same, just that they are brothers intestine.
One way to recognize other family ties in the chamber through the same code (and to wish for the herd). Chamber is the residence of the woman, but woman is the specialist to take care of livestock. When the same code chamber, wish for livestock development, each family has a different offering.
Each family has a type, there are specific code. Placing the dead in the home depends on family. Along the line they have set the Monitoring the altar, but they set the horizontal line. Kham concept of family is different. There are admirable concept family home, a family cemetery lifting the dead then admirable concept. The distinctions of the Hmong have created calculated cohesive who have blood relations with each other. People with the Hmong family to die together. Besides the refrain of food and other food.
b) Organization of the family
- The role of adults their largest, called the Hmong origin. Head of them who understand the regulations, articles of your own family, expertise and customary behavior. Head they are reputable, have knowledge of the tradition of the family. Head where they are elected, have a place to inherit, not the communication connection, no pattern, depending on family manipulate different. The role of adults they dominated most areas of the Hmong (in production, Funeral, marriage, moving). Want to work thought the policy, sugar policies ..., to solve problems song questions, disputes end point to pay attention to this. Head of the propagation and growth of their campaign, which is very good. When solving problems between the family, nothing better than his head they settle together.
- For the Hmong, after their chief, who is second most important voices in her family is her. She can change her ritual worship of the family. When the campaign to build a new cultural lifestyle in the burial, marriage ..., we need attention to her role in her family.
- In the Hmong society, the role of also see the same huge. When exposed to the Hmong society, not excluding the role of teacher, luxury, and should not only understand the issues superstitious, but need to set the characteristics of their social fabric.
Can be said, the main cohesive society in a Hmong family. It dominates the activities of the Hmong, including the development of production, organization of space residence (accommodation) ... Hmong chief for them, she her, who see the same prestigious and very important role.